Land Use Pattern of India - 1527 Words

Land Use Pattern of India http://www.indianetzone.com/24/land_use_pattern_india.htm Land Use Pattern of India - Informative researched article on Land Use Pattern of India Sign in | Register Now Geography of India Art Culture | Entertainment | Health | Reference | Sports | Society | Travel in Articles Forum | Free E-magazine | RSS Feeds Geography of India : Indian Climate | Indian Mountains | Indian Forests | Indian Soil | Indian Vegetation | Animal Husbandry in India | Resources in India | Indian Demography | Indian Natural History | Indian Astronomy | Indian Industries | Indian Islands | Indian Airports | Zoos in India | Indian Mines and Minerals | Indian Physiography | Indian Transport | Indian Geology | Communication in†¦show more content†¦For a self-sufficient economy and accurate ecological steadiness, at least one third of the total land area must be kept under forests and natural vegetation. In India, it is as low as 19.27%. Photographic proof, gained from satellites has confirmed that only about 46 million hectares come under real forests, as opposed to the estimated 63 million hectares, according to the figures of land use pattern. However, this outline establishes a tiny rise from 40 million hectares. Forest Lands It is important for the populace to ensure that they increase the area under fores ts for reasons more than one. A bigger area under forests is an obligation, to maintain the ecological balance and for absorption of carbon dioxide, the assemblage of which is likely to heighten the green house effect. This in turn would raise atmospheric temperature at the global stage. It may lead to thawing of ice caps and equivalent rise in sea level, jeopardising low-lying densely populated parts of the world. Forests supply home to wildlife and help their continuation. They help in enhancing the level of rainfall, minimising cases of famine. Forested lands also help in permeation of rainwater in the subsoil and modulating the flow of river waters in both rainy and dry seasons. Forests safeguard not only water but soil as well. They, thus, help in plunging the volume of floodwaters and their ferocity. Wasteland Subscribe to Free E-Magazine on Reference 1 of 2 18/05/2013 8:49 AM Land UseShow MoreRelatedGovernment Of Indi The Four Distributional Aspects Of Agricultural Credit Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pagesbranches. (c) increase in the share of indirect credit in total agricultural credit and. (d) significant regional inequalities in credit. (Policies for Raising Agricultural Growth and Productivity in India). ( S. Mahendra Dev, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai) The Government of India has already put in place an agriculture credit policy to improve access of farmers to institutional credit. 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Mozart, Don Giovanni Act I Excerpt From Opening Scene (...

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Don Giovanni Act I: Excerpt from Opening Scene (1787). Don Giovani Act I: Excerpt from Opening Scene, composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and libretto by Lorenzo da Ponte. This opera appeared at the original National Theatre in Prague on October 29, 1787. Don Giovanni is a seductive but ruthless nobleman who will stop at nothing to satisfy his sexual appetite. Don Giovanni’s comic servant, Leporello, is a grumbling accomplice who dreams of being in his master’s place. In this excerpt the Don attempts to rape a young noblewoman, Donna Anna; her father, the Commendatore (Commandant), challenges him to a duel. Don Giovanni kills the old man. (Kamien, 2015) Scene one and the opening scene, is Don Giovanni is attempting to seduce a woman Donna Anna, while his servant Leporello is keeping watch outside, but complaining of his position as a servant, in F major which is his main key, using a march rhythm. The orchestral introduction is molto allegro; with sudden fortes. The strings remain constant, creating agitation but moves to violas and second violas marking the end of Andante, transforming into an open Allegro. (The Metropolitan Opera Guild, 2016) Leporello sings in a light staccato comic aria, bass sings in a rapid fire patter and in one note. Moving to the next interaction, are lyrical passages ornamented, as heard in the two trios, Donna Anna with Don Giovanni in the form ABB. Both are singing alternative and then imitative lines. (Hung, J.,

Safeguarding And Protection Of Vulnerab Free Essays

string(83) " to access the protection of the law and legal processes where they wish to do so\." To protect somebody is to keep them safe from harm and injury and the term safeguarding means to protect from harm or damage with appropriate measures. As a person’s mental capacity is relevant with regards to safeguarding, as a worker, you have to accept that an adult is making choices that to you may be unwise, but If they are deemed to have mental capacity, there is very little you can do apart from advise them of this. As adult safeguarding is not â€Å"clear cut† you have to ensure that you do not think the decisions they are making are unwise because you yourself wouldn’t do it. We will write a custom essay sample on Safeguarding And Protection Of Vulnerab or any similar topic only for you Order Now The majority of our client group are vulnerable, and if we look at the adults that e work with that misuse substances, this can be a grey area with regards to safeguarding. Obviously if an adult chooses to use a substance, that is their decision, however, substances impair your mind and your Judgment, so if something happens to them whilst they are under the Influence, this should be a safeguarding matter and should be dealt with accordingly. By protecting somebody this could imply that others are making a decision for an adult rather than with them, but the current safeguarding legislation in place accepts that individuals have the right to take risks o long as they have capacity and understand the implication or consequences. An example of this would be a client who we are currently working with who is a dependent alcoholic with cataracts in both eyes so he has virtually no sight. This man Is extremely vulnerable to theft and people taking advantage of him. The work that we do to protect him wealth the home Is practical things Like removing trip hazards, putting things back exactly where they are in the flat and guiding him when we take him out shopping. This man became the subject of safeguarding when somebody knocked his door claiming to be a council official and demanded that he ay all of his Council tax arrears. Secondly, one of his â€Å"friends† used to do his shopping for him but this has resulted in money going missing from his bank account. This gentleman does have mental capacity although this has to be questioned if he has decided to drinks whole bottle of vodka. Although it is not good for him, it is his decision to drink alcohol and that has to be respected. We can advise him of the risks to his health and how this could put him in vulnerable situations. We can protect him from his friend having access to this bank account by owing shopping for him, however, If he refuses this request, we can only make him aware that money may well go missing again. We all have a duty of care towards our Child Protection, different social care teams can have very different views/opinions on what is a safeguarding matter. . 3 Explain the legislative framework for safeguarding vulnerable adults There are many Acts and Government initiatives in place with regards to vulnerable adults safeguarding. Human Rights Act (1998) – This Act is a benchmark upon which services can assess how they uphold an individuals rights. Public bodies such as Police, Courts, hospitals etc, and other bodies carrying out public functions have to comply with the Convention right s. The list below details the fundamental rights and freedoms that individuals have access to. Everyone has a right to life, a life with freedom from torture and inhuman or degrading treatment. A right to liberty and security, freedom from slavery and forced labor. The right too fair trial with no punishment without law. Respect for your private and family life, home and correspondence. Freedom of thought, belief and religion and freedom of expression. Protection from discrimination in respect of these rights and freedom. Freedom of expression and the right to marry and start a family. The right to peaceful enjoyment of your property and the right to education. Care Standards Act (2000) – this led onto National Minimum Standards and means of measuring care service quality. This act has established an independent regulatory body for care services, (the National Care Standards Commission). Independent Councils are required to register Social Care Workers, set standards in social care work and regulate the education and training of Social Workers. It provides for the Secretary of State to maintain a list of individuals who are considered unsuitable to work with vulnerable adults. The main purpose of the Act is that local authorities will be required to meet the same standards as independent sector providers. The Act made for the provision of a General Social Care Council whose role it is are to regulate the training of Social Workers, raise standards in social care through codes and conduct and practice with a register of social care staff to be set up and maintained by the council. Care providers who supply individuals to work in care sections will be under a duty to refer people to the list who are considered unsuitable to work with vulnerable adults. Care providers have to carry out checks of the list before offering employment in a care position working with vulnerable adults and should refuse employment to any person. No Secrets (2000) – This guidance was produced due to serious incidents of abuse and to also ensure compliance with the Human Rights Act. Although No Secrets is not legislation it holds the status of statutory guidance and local social services should follow this. The key statements in relation to No Secrets are; Every person has he right to live a life free from abuse, exploitation and neglect. There should be no discrimination regarding abuse because of assumptions about class, gender, age, disability, sexual orientation, race, religion or culture. Adults at risk of abuse must be made aware of their rights and given information, advice and support. They should be enabled and encouraged to access the protection of the law and legal processes where they wish to do so. You read "Safeguarding And Protection Of Vulnerab" in category "Papers" Every effort must be made to promote the well being, security and safety of adults at risk of abuse in line with their rights, mental capacity n the course of action to take whilst being given all possible forms of support. An adult may choose to remain in an abusive environment, and, in such cases it is important to consider what advice and support can be offered to reduce the risk of harm. Effective inter agency working is crucial for the safeguarding of adults from abuse. Effective information sharing, collaborations and understanding between agencies and professions are paramount in safeguarding adults. No single agency can act in isolation to ensure the welfare and protection of adults at risk of abuse and information and decision making must be shared. Valuing People (2001) – This is specifically related to those with learning disabilities and has been written from a human rights perspective and also started the personalization agenda. It includes the several key rights; People with learning disabilities and their families have the same human rights as everyone else. Independent Living – All disabled people should have greater choice and control over the support they need to go about their daily life. They should have greater access to housing, education, employment, leisure and transport and be giving the opportunity to participate fully in family and community life. Control – People with disabilities are to be involved and in control of decisions made about their life. They are to be provided with the information and support to understand the different options and consequences so that they can make informed decisions. Inclusion – Being able to participate in all the aspects of community. To work, learn and meet people. To become part of a social network and be able to access services and have the support to do so. Safeguarding Adults (2005) – The aim of this was to change the concept of protection and was geared towards those who lacked capacity. This is where the concept of upgrading emerged with individuals taking informed risks and exercising choices rather than authorities taking the lead. Safeguarding Adults (2005) is made up of eleven sets of good practice standards. Each local authority has established a multi agency partnership to lead in safeguarding adults work. Accountability for and ownership of safeguarding adults work is to be recognized by each partner’s organizations body. The safeguarding policy includes a clear statement of every individual’s right to live free from abuse and neglect, this message is to be actively promoted to the public. Each partner agency should have a policy of zero tolerance of abuse within the organization. The safeguarding adults partnership oversees a multi agency workforce that is appropriately resourced with a development and training strategy. Anybody can access information about how to gain safety from abuse and violence to include information about local safe guarding procedures. There is a local multi agency safeguarding adults policy describing how local authorities respond to all adults who may be eligible for community care services and who may be at risk of abuse of neglect. Each partner agency has a set of internal guidelines that are insistent with the local authority safe guarding adults policy. The guidelines set out the responsibilities of all employees/workers. The safeguarding adults procedures include the following stages – alert, referral, decision, safeguarding assessment monitoring. The safeguarding procedures are available to all adults covered by the policy. The partnership agency includes service users in all aspects of their work. To include monitoring, development, implementation of safeguarding plans and assessment. Mental Capacity Act (2005) – This Act is aimed to protect vulnerable adults who are enable to make their own decisions and it has 5 key principles. Presumption of capacity – every adult has the right to make his or her own decisions and must be assumed to have capacity to do so unless it is proved otherwise. You cannot assume that somebody cannot make a decision for themselves Just because they have a particular medical condition or disability. Individuals being supported to make their own decisions – A person must be given all practicable help before anyone treats them as not being able to make their own decisions. You should make every effort to encourage and support people to make their own decisions. If lack of capacity is established, you should still involve the person as much as possible in making decisions. Unwise decisions – People have the right to make unwise decisions that others may think are unwise or eccentric. You cannot assume a lack of capacity for this reason. People have their own values, beliefs and preferences which may not be the same as others. Best interests – anything done for or on behalf of a person who lacks mental capacity must be done in their best interests. Less restrictive option – Someone acting on behalf of a person or making a decision for a person who lacks opacity must consider whether it is possible to act in a way that would interfere less with the person’s rights and freedoms of action and whether any decision/action needs to be taken at all. Any intervention should be weighed up in the particular circumstances of the case. Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups (2006) – This saw the introduction of the vetting/ barring system and the introduction of the offence fraud by abuse of position. It has the following three key principles. Unsuitable persons should be barred from working with children or vulnerable adults. Employers should have a means of heckling that a person is not barred from working with children and vulnerable adults. Suitability checks should be part of an ongoing assessment in order to catch those who commit wrongs following a suitability check. Fraud Act (2006) – This included a new offence of fraud by abuse of position. This included the misuse of money by those appointed to manage money, for example power of attorney or a position that an agency was expected to safeguard and not to act against the financial interests of another person, or people that have abused their position. Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards (2008) – This is part of the legal framework that is et out in the Mental Capacity Act. Those unable to consent to treatment due too mental impairment should be supported in a way that does not limit their rights. It was introduced to protect the human rights of people who were in certain settings does not apply to people who have been detained under the Mental Health Act 1983. Deprivation of Liberty should ensure that people can be given the care they need in the least restrictive regimes, prevents decisions that deprive vulnerable people of their liberty and allows people the right to challenge against an unlawful detention. Health and Social Care Act (2008), (Regulated Activities), Regulations 2010 and the Care Quality Commission (Registration) Regulations 2009 – This led to the creation of the Care Quality Commission to regulate services using the essential standards of quality and safety, with the emphasis on outcomes and what can be expected from care providers. The regulations in relation to safeguarding are; Respecting and involving people who use services. Consent to care and treatment and a client can be confident that their human rights are respected and taken into account. Care and welfare of people that use services – roper steps must be taken to ensure that each client is protected against the risks of receiving care or treatment that is inappropriate or unsafe. Safeguarding people who use services from abuse – suitable arrangements should be made to ensure that clients are safeguarded against the risk of abuse by taking reasonable stops to identify the possibility of abuse and prevent it before it occurs and respond appropriately to any allegations of abuse. Cleanliness and infection control – measure must be taken so far as reasonable practicable to ensure that clients and workers are protected against identifiable risks of infection. Management of medicines – clients are to be protected against the risks associated with the unsafe use and management of medicines. Appropriate arrangements are to be made for obtaining, recording, handling, using, safe keeping, dispensing, safe administration and disposal of medicines. Safety and suitability of premises – We must ensure that clients and workers that have access to premises are protected in that the design and layout is suitable and appropriate security measures have been taken. Safety, availability and suitability of equipment – Suitable arrangements must be made to rote clients and workers who may be at risk from the use of unsafe equipment. Equipment must be properly maintained and suitable for its purpose and must be used correctly. Requirements relating to workers – Companies to ensure that the person is of good character and has the relevant skills and experience to do the work and to ensure that the necessary checks, (DB’S), have been carried out. Supporting Workers – Workers should be supported by their Managers to ensure that they are appropriately supported in relation to their responsibilities to ensure they do their job to the required standard. Assessing and monitoring the quality of service provision – this should be regularly reviewed and clients should benefit from safe quality care, treatment and support in relation to decision making and the management of risks to their health, welfare and safety. Notification of other incidents – the commission must be notified of any incidents which occur whilst services are being provided. In relation to safeguarding this is any abuse or allegation of abuse that has been made or any incident which is reported to, or investigated by, the police. Reemerging from vulnerable adult to adult at risk. The Government are due to consider the recommendations with a view to introducing legislation. The recommendations are as follows; Local social services have the lead in co ordination responsibility for safeguarding. Local authorities have a duty to investigate adult protection cases And can either do this themselves or refer the investigation to another agency but this must be monitored by them. The local authorities would have the power to request co operation in adult protection investigations. An adult at risk can be defined as a person who appears to have health or social care needs, the person must appear to e at risk of harm rather than significant harm, the person appears unable to safeguard themselves from harm due to their health and social care needs. Harm is defined as ill treatment, (to include exploitation that is not physical), the impairment of health and development, self harm and neglect and unlawful conduct that affects a persons property, rights or interests. Local authorities should have the lead role in establishing and maintaining safeguarding boards. The local authority, NASH and Police would be required to nominate a safeguarding board member that has the appropriate knowledge and skills. New compulsory and emergency powers should be set out for local authorities and adult protection cases, for example, power of entry or exclusion orders. Statement of Government Principles on adult safeguarding (2011) – local multi agencies should support and encourage communities to find their solutions locally. Guidance is given on how principles can be turned into outcomes. The six principles are; Empowerment – presumption of person led decisions and informed consent. Protection -support and representation for those in greatest need. Prevention – it is better to take action before harm occurs. Proportionality – proportionate and least intrusive response appropriate to the risk presented. Partnership – Local solutions through services working with their communities. Communities have a part to play in preventing, detecting and reporting neglect and abuse. Accountability – Accountability and transparency in delivering safeguarding. 1. Explain the protocols and referral procedures when harm or abuse is alleged or suspected Within Sad/Alpha we have a Vulnerable Adult safeguarding lead. When a worker has concerns or a client has alleged abuse/harm, the first point of contact would be to discuss this with their Manager, (this should be no later than the end of he day that the allegation was made or the incident happened). If the client had made an allegation, whilst the worker was with them, they would make a factual note of what has been discussed, this would include name, date, details of allegation made and the worker’s response. It is important that the client feels trusted and that no leading questions are asked. The worker should then advise the client that they will be discussing this with their Line Manager as they have a duty of care towards them. Depending on the situation that has occurred, the worker would need to ensure that the adult at risk is made safe and if required has received medical occurred with a view to discussing whether the Police should be informed of this. If a worker has concerns about a client but an allegation hasn’t been made, the worker is advised to speak to their Line Manager regarding this. As soon as realistically possible file notes should be done and together, the Manager, the Vulnerable Adult safeguarding lead and the worker will agree on the next course of action that needs to be taken. It is at this point it is important to remember that if the Manager and the worker do not agree on the next course of action then they are able to go to Senior Management level to discuss this further. . Sad/Alpha is a non statutory agency so, if we do have a concern regarding abuse, we would refer this onto the statutory agency that is working with the client. We would contact them as soon as realistically possible and follow this up with a written file note. If there is no statutory agency involvement, we would contact the Adult Social Services Locality Team to advise them of our concerns. This will usually mean speaking to the Duty Officer for the team. We would then follow this up with a written file note and send this across to the Duty Officer. Sometimes the Locality Team will check on their system, and, if there has been statutory agency involvement we were unaware of, they would request that we refer the matter to the relevant agency involved. Sometimes when a statutory agency, (for example SCHISM), have advised that they will be taking no further action and we disagree with this, we would then go back to the relevant Locality Team. They may well agree with the decision that has been made, and, if this is the case we would Just file note it accordingly. If however, they decide that action does need to be taken, it is the role of the Locality am to lead on this with the statutory agency. Internally, the seriousness of the incident will need to be assessed by the Manager and the Vulnerable Adult lead. If the incident is considered to be minor, we would complete a sudden untoward incident form and still advise the lead statutory agency Within Alpha is it my responsibility to ensure that all staff have been trained in Vulnerable Adult Safeguarding and that they are all aware of the reporting procedures/paperwork that needs to be completed. All workers know that any concerns have to be reported directly to myself, and, if I am absent, be reported to my Manager. The workers know that they are responsible for informing me as soon as possible and following this up with a written file note. They are aware that this type of information can be shared and that client confidentiality can be broken in this instance. Everything to do with the concerns raised or allegations made is documented in a file note and locked away in a secure filing cabinet. It is my responsibility to ensure that everything has been documented and stored. Safeguarding and the prevention of abuse As mentioned above, Sad/Alpha have a Vulnerable Adult Safeguarding Lead that I will liaise with if a safeguarding concern as been brought to my attention. It is mandatory for all staff to attend Vulnerable Adults Safeguarding training. Sad/Alpha have written their own company policies in relation to safeguarding. The safeguarding policy itself defines an adult at risk of harm, lists the types of physical/mental abuse or harm that can occur and the reporting procedure that should be followed if an allegation is made or if they have any concerns, (as outlined above). All staff who have read the policy will be aware of who they need to report to in the first instance and the importance of writing down and recording factual file notes. These policies have been written in line with the No Secrets Act (2000), The Mental Capacity Act (2005), Human Rights Act (1998) and Safeguarding Adults (2005). The other policy that needs to be read and understood in connection with safeguarding is the Sad/Alpha Weightlessness policy. This policy firstly reassures a staff member that they can make a disclosure within a positive and supportive environment and that there will be no reprisals from bringing a matter to their Manager’s attention. The reporting procedure is outlined in the policy, and if the member of staff has a concern about a colleague, they will report directly to their Line Manager. If, however, the concern is in relation to their Line Manager, they will report the matter to Senior Management level to be investigated. All staff are aware that they have a duty of care towards clients, their colleagues and themselves. I do believe that risk assessments that are regularly reviewed are extremely important to try and prevent abuse occurring. Alpha risk assessments covers areas such as historical risk, risk to self, risk to others, risk from others and environmental risks. When we assess a client we will complete a risk assessment form and the client will be marked for overall risk. We can then discuss with the relevant worker/professional how to minimize risk, for example, one of our clients has historically made an allegation of sexual assault against a male worker from another agency. This client is currently being seen in pairs and the two workers are female. Risk assessments will only be successful if they are reviewed regularly as a matter of course. Communication is also very important, not Just between other agencies, but within the team. All staff members must know who to report concerns to and what to do. If a Manager is made aware of a possible concern/risk, this must be passed onto the rocker and vice versa. All complaints must be investigated, (no matter how small or minor they appear to be), they must be documented correctly and the necessary action must be taken if required. Within Alpha we always encourage staff to try and view a complaint as a positive thing rather than a criticism. By reviewing and investigating complaints, our Care plans are also important in relation to safeguarding and these will also only be successful if they are reviewed on a regular basis and are communicated clearly to all staff that are working with the client. For example, we are currently working with a an who has poor eyesight and is unable to use the cash point unsupervised. Unbeknown to him, his friends have been withdrawing money from his account. His care plan has now changed in the respect that we have temporary power of attorney of his money and make all cash withdrawals at the bank for him keeping an accurate record of all money that has been spent. Sad/Alpha also have a responsibility to follow up on any references when people apply for a Job and to ensure that workers are not working with a client unsupervised until they have had a satisfactory DB’S check. Regular training and supporting staff on a regular basis is also key. 4. Recommend proposals for improvements in systems and procedures in own service setting Within Alpha, I believe that we are very good at communicating with each other and as a team. I would however like to improve this by coming up with regular training sessions/staff meetings where we can all get together and share our thoughts and ideas and that staff and Managers can be updated on what is happening with regards to all clients to include risks and safeguarding. I like to hold supervision regularly, and as part of supervision, we discuss the clients that the worker is currently seeing, we review their care plan and make any required changes. This would also be a good time to update risk assessments, but all staff are aware that anything in relation to risk should be brought to my attention as soon as possible and that they should not wait for a supervision. I do receive daily feedback from staff in relation to their visits. However, I would like to be more â€Å"hands off’ with regards to client work and be able to spend my time working with staff on their visits and also visiting clients to perform an audit of our services and this would include risk. The audit could then be shared with the worker who would know that they loud need to action any of the relevant points and feedback to me when this had been completed. I think this would be of benefit to the client and to the worker who would be mindful that regular audits were going to occur which, in turn, would make them more aware that policies and procedures do need to be adhered to and it reinforces our duty of care. I think that our policies and procedures as a company are fairly robust, however, these may be subject to change in the near future if adult safeguarding becomes statutory along the same lines as child protection. I have now adopted a system, that should there be a change in risk, a new risk assessment form is completed. I would however like to visit the clients on a quarterly basis at least to re evaluate risk regardless of whether their circumstances have changed or not. Although our team has a case load of regular clients, I believe that it is important that they are occasionally seen by somebody else who is not so used to them. It is very easy to become blinkered to risk/harm and a new set of eyes can be very important when reviewing this. I would like to implement a regular shuffle around within the unit/AC Learner signature: Assessor signature: Date: How to cite Safeguarding And Protection Of Vulnerab, Papers

Accounting Organizations and Society

Question: Dicuss about the Accounting Organizations and Society. Answer: Introduction: The report contains detail understanding and critical evaluation of the theories of Australian Accounting Standards. It will help in building the conceptual framework of the Accounting practice and regulation with sustainability accounting. The report also contains disadvantages and criticism of the Positive Accounting Theory with the reasons for anticipated drawback of the PAT. Sustainable Accounting is known with various names which are as Corporate Social Responsibility Accounting, Social Accounting, Social and Environmental Accounting and Non- Financial Accounting. It was started twenty years ago and it comes as subheading of the "Financial Accounting" which concentrates on revelation of the "non- financial" aspects in relation to the company's performance to outside members for example creditors, stakeholders and other authority (Bebbington and Larrinaga 2014). This concept arises in the accounting with a huge coverage with a huge coverage since forty years and in a compact way since ten years. It is also implied as to those activities which have direct effect on the "society, economic performance and environment." Sustainable Accounting is developing continuously. So it is very important that firm knows the overview of the "reporting frameworks," rules and regulation which will affect the type and matter of the report. There are various firms which pro vide services to organization who wants to change the conventional financial system disclosure for sustainability reporting (Bebbington et al., 2014). Positive Accounting Theory (PAT) PAT attempts to forecast a true activity and interpret them to "accounting transactions." Whereas normalizing theory suggests what should be done. PAT involves the activity of choosing the account policy by the company and reaction to the newly accepted "accounting standards." The overall aim of PAT is to forecast and make understand the selection of "accounting policies" over the different companies. It also identifies the existence of the economic effect. Under this approach for efficient organizing, a company needs to maximize the probability of surviving. A company is seen as the collection of the contract which they have entered into. In relation to PAT, if a company wants to be efficient then should minimize the cost related to the contract. PAT identifies that changing situations will need managers to adopt flexible in selecting Accounting Policies (Setyorini and Ishak 2012). Legitimacy Theory Legitimacy is referred as the right and agreement of the authority. Under this theory, a firm investigates and protect to work under the limits and rules of the respective surrounding. Limits and rules are not constant, so it is necessary for the company to be conscious. Legitimate Theory postulates that the business is surrounded by social contract and under which firm is needed to act on different social activities in return for sanction of the goal and other rewards, and this finally assures the continuing survival. The issue with this theory is, supplying the understanding of accounting disclosure particularly. The legitimate theory is one the noted theory under the area of social and environment accounting. Instead of that it has created a huge doubt between numbers of scholars that it grants true understanding inside the voluntary disclosures of corporations (Fernando and Lawrence 2014). Stakeholder Theory The stakeholder theory is referred to the theory of the companys management and enterprise ethics which views the moralistic and financial worth in controlling the company. This theory also recognizes and divides into the groups which are stakeholders of a corporation, and both explains and advises process through which management can provide an expected view to the attraction of that group. The conventional view of the organization, the shareholder sees, only the proprietor and stakeholders of the organization are valuable, and the organization has a coupling trustee obligation to put their necessities to start with, to build esteem for them. Instead of that, it contends that there are gatherings included, with workers, clients, administrative bodies, political gatherings, exchange affiliations, exchange unions, suppliers, financers, and communities. The stakeholder perspective of system incorporates both asset-based perspective and business sector based view, an d includes "socio-political level (Harrison and Wicks 2013). Institutional Theory Institutional theory is theory on profound and stronger parts of social structure. It takes into consideration the procedure which includes plans, tenets, standards and schedules, to build as legitimated rules for social behavior. Various elements of Institutional theory describes how these components are made, embraced, diffused and adapted over space and time; and how it falls into decay and disuse. There are two most prominent theories under this section, Old Institutionalism, and New Institutionalism. There is generous confirmation that organizations in various sorts of economies respond distinctively to comparable difficulties. Social, financial, and political elements constitute an institutional structure of a specific situation which gives firms with points of interest to participating in particular sorts of exercises there. Organizations have a tendency to perform all the more proficiently on the off chance that they get the institutional backing (Bramme r et al., 2012). Limitations of the Positive Accounting Theory PAT makes an assumption that rules forecast the managers will be diplomatic. It does not provide any instruction and neither a means of improving accounting practice. It creates a fundamental assumption by the many researchers which correctly do not prove any accounting method. In this, all the action are self driven-interest group. There is stagnation no scope of development. The scholars considered the individual accounting choices which were in practice, but the companies had a huge number of choices, in which some of the methods did not match and had opposing effect (Rutherford 2016). The measurement or the intermediaries used in the literature were very simple from the approach. Through a scientific way, Positive Accounting Theory has many defects in it, which results in giving incorrect results. It was lacking in entirety, because it involved in huge-scale practical experiment, it also ignored company specific relationship (Morris et al., 2013). Criticism of the Positive Accounting Theory PAT is seen as Description not Prescription by the Normative theorists, they see PAT as the role of accounting as instructions. There are many scholars and experimenting department which still work for PAT. It fails in providing instructions and developing accounting practice. It further says that only discussing and forecasting is not enough for the accounting practice. There is no specific rule as in what the people will follow. PAT theorists normally justify that they don't want to make their rule as compulsion. They prefer to give information related to forecasting association for specific event and leave the decision upon them. PATs fundamental assumption is that all the activity is done for the purpose of maximizing the wealth only (Giddens 2013). Some of the scholars stated that PAT is promoting the moral insolvency perception of world. The companies who urges close in breaking accounting rules selects the process which will increase the profits. The agents and the owners primary aim to maximize their wealth instead of looking to the overall effect to the company (Deegan 2013). Reasons for Perceived Shortcomings The above-given shortcomings or drawbacks of Positive Accounting Theory is truly agreeable to its all its point; all the above limitation have justifiable statement of proving. For preparing or accepting accounting, there have been certain specified rules and regulations which are not present in Positive Accounting Theory (PAT). PAT has one of the drawbacks that it does not have any specific accounting rule. The Accounting practices vary industry to industry and it methods even to. But in PAT the accounting methods are not static it varies from scholar to scholar. Scholars also keep on experimenting based on the different approaches. An accounting system should be free from flaws and error. PAT always chooses those accounting policies only which help in minimizing the cost of the contract, which is not the proper way as per Australian accounting standard and regulation. PAT also aims in making the managers flexible with their accounting policies as per the requirement, but it is not a proper approach. PAT looks into the contractual view; instead, it should always aim at increasing the value of the firm (Carey et al., 2013). One more way of reporting decreased net earnings was to employ the policies of accounting to overtake the companies. In order to get opportunistic approach Watts and Zimmerman has founded three hypotheses which are as follows: In 1985, Healy founded proof related to the "bonus plan hypothesis." For maximizing the expected bonuses of the managers of the company prepared bonus plan, based on the net income and adoption accrual policies. In 1994, Sweeney analyzed the "debt covenant hypothesis" by changing the control group of the firm; it engaged in income increasing policies. It aimed to reduce the problems with the creditors The Political cost hypothesis was formulated in order to reduce the political heat of the environment. The more the political cost of the form, more the manager will select the accounting policies which will vary the reported earnings from the recent and forecasted interval of the year (Wilkinson and Durden 2015). The above theories forecast the managers in selecting the policies of the account to fulfill the objectives of the company. Incorporation of the fraud and unethical policies and behavior is not to be done. Conclusion All the accounting theories have some limitation and advantages over another. Considering all the dos and donts the policies should be chosen based on ethical and moral concept. There are various research and journals of scholars are publishing day by day in order to spread this accounting policies. Each and every policy have some advantages and limitation with arguing criticism. Reference List Bebbington, J. and Larrinaga, C., 2014. Accounting and sustainable development: An exploration.Accounting, Organizations and Society,39(6), pp.395-413. Bebbington, J., Unerman, J. and O'Dwyer, B., 2014.Sustainability accounting and accountability. Routledge. Brammer, S., Jackson, G. and Matten, D., 2012. Corporate social responsibility and institutional theory: New perspectives on private governance.Socio-Economic Review,10(1), pp.3-28. Carey, P., Knechel, W.R. and Tanewski, G., 2013. Costs and Benefits of Mandatory Auditing of Forà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ profit Private and Notà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ forà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ profit Companies in Australia.Australian Accounting Review,23(1), pp.43-53. Deegan, C., 2013.Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Fernando, S. and Lawrence, S., 2014. A theoretical framework for CSR practices: integrating legitimacy theory, stakeholder theory and institutional theory.Journal of Theoretical Accounting Research,10(1), pp.149-178. Giddens, A., 2013.New rules of sociological method: A positive critique of interpretative sociologies. John Wiley Sons. Harrison, J.S. and Wicks, A.C., 2013. Stakeholder theory, value, and firm performance.Business ethics quarterly,23(01), pp.97-124. Morris, R.D., Gray, S.J., Pickering, J. and Aisbitt, S., 2013. Preparers' Perceptions of the Costs and Benefits of IFRS: Evidence from Australia's Implementation Experience.Accounting Horizons,28(1), pp.143-173. Rutherford, B.A. 2016, "Articulating accounting principles",Journal of Applied Accounting Research,vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 118-135. Setyorini, C.T. and Ishak, Z., 2012. Corporate social and environmental disclosure: A positive accounting theory view point.International Journal of Business and Social Science,3(9). Wilkinson, B.R. and Durden, C.H., 2015. Inducing structural change in academic accounting research.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,26, pp.23-36.

Is high culture by definition elitist Essay Example

Is high culture by definition elitist? Paper The term high culture is defined as meaning the works of writers, artists and composers who are considered by scholars and critics to be superior to others. High culture is associated with the educated and more affluent people because they are considered to be more able to understand it and afford to take part in it. As high culture is defined as the appreciation of works which are considered to be superior, it is generally considered to include the appreciation of writers, such as Shakespeare and Dickens, composers such as Purcell and Elgar and artists such as Constable and Gainsborough. This definition of high culture can mean that it is considered to be elitist, meaning that it is only available to a select class or group of members of society. The people who are in this group or class are the more affluent and powerful and upper class members of society. However, whether this definition makes high culture elitist is a matter of opinion. The definition of high culture can make some people think that high culture is a type of culture which is only available and made accessible to the upper classes and more affluent people in society only. As works that are deemed to be high culture are works that are considered by scholars and critics to be superior to others, many may consider that these works can only be fully understood and appreciated by people who are superior to others. Also, the fact that works of high culture are by definition works of writers, artists, and composers makes high culture seem inaccessible to some members of society as works of high culture do not tend to be forms of entertainment that have mass appeal, such as television. The definition of high culture considers it to be artwork, music which is generally not classed as popular of pop music, and books. These have a more limited appeal than forms of entertainment such as television and cinema, and therefore make high culture more elitist by making it something which is enjoyed by less people. For example, those who are less well-educated will not be able to appreciate the plays written by Shakespeare or novels written by Dickens. We will write a custom essay sample on Is high culture by definition elitist? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Is high culture by definition elitist? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Is high culture by definition elitist? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Books which are regarded to be high culture such as War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy cannot be appreciated fully by those who are less well-educated because they will not fully understand the language and therefore will gain less from the book than someone who is better-educated and can understand the book better. Yet, the definition of high culture also shows that high culture is not elitist and is available and accessible to all classes and groups of people in society. The definition of high culture states that it is only associated with the educated and more affluent people. This term means that it is usually only enjoyed by these people, however, it can also be accessed and enjoyed by others as well. The term associated does not make high culture seem elitist because it shows that it is available to all of society. For example, with music which is considered to be works of high culture. Simply because it is deemed to not be popular music and therefore is not designed to appeal to the masses does not make it any less available and accessible to all members of society. It can be enjoyed by anyone it is simply a matter of their tastes. In my opinion though, high culture is elitist. I think this because I deem that works of high culture are those which have an intellectual value and so require thought into their meaning. The members of society who are not educated (as I feel that whether they are affluent has no relevance), will not be able to appreciate this and gain from the works. However, high culture is available to everyone for them to enjoy and access as they wish. There is nothing which sets works of high culture aside and will not allow certain members of society to access it it is simply lack of knowledge that may prevent them from being able to fully understand it and therefore gain from it and appreciate it in any way. In conclusion, I think that high culture is by definition only, elitist, as the works which are considered to be of high culture are generally those which do not appeal to everyone and can only be fully understood and appreciated by those who are more educated and therefore more capable of being able to appreciate the intellectual and aesthetic value of the works.

A Brave New World essays

A Brave New World essays One may think that the society in Aldous Huxleys Brave New World is a gross representation of the future, but perhaps our society isnt that much different. In his foreword to the novel Brave New World, Aldous Huxley envisioned this statement when he wrote: "To make them love it is the task assigned, in present-day totalitarian states, to ministries of propaganda...." Thus, through hypnopaedic teaching (brainwashing), mandatory attendance to community gatherings, and the use of drugs to control emotions, Huxley bitterly satirized the society in which we live. The way the fascist and totalitarian regimes of the past used mass propaganda techniques to brainwash their people was very similar to the way Huxley described the hypnopaedic teachings in his novel. He also thought, however, that the present-day totalitarian states' methods were still "crude and unscientific." For example, in the novel the different classes had been brainwashed since birth to believe that they all contributed equally to society. Therefore, the people wouldn't try to think for themselves because they had never been trained to think anything differently. In addition, they didn't have any knowledge of a society that they could compare themselves to. In our society, many great lessons have been learned from the mistakes of rulers in the past. This is revealed when the Director said, "History is bunk." In our society, the dictators attempted to gain control of the world, but they usually failed because they weren't able to persuade the entire world to think like them. I n the past, Communist leaders have attempted to rewrite history, but in Brave New World, this was taken one step further; they forgot about history altogether. The only people who had access to any knowledge of the past were the ones who had the power: the World Controllers. Thus, they were able to create a society that fit their liking. ...

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

English - Essay Example Chris on the other hand left behind his luxurious life so he can achieve what he really wants to achieve, what his heart wants and work towards that goal. Maya who dealt with the racism around her alone, was separated from her brother and was forced to live a life where she was tortured for being black which was not even her fault, still she was able to live a life where her own self was her priority irrespective of what people think about her. Courage made a very difficult journey of Lalu, later on known as Polly Bemis a dignified path for her. In the novel â€Å"Thousand Pieces of Gold† in 1853 Lalu started her life in Nathoy China, however she ended up becoming Polly Bemis living in Grangeville, Idaho in 1933. She was very dear to her father who used to call her â€Å"thousand pieces of gold† as she was very precious for him. During a bad patch Lalu was sold to a bandit and in return her father received two bags of soya bean. Lalu who was thousand pieces of gold for her father was actually sold for just two bags of soybean. Difficult phase of her life started where she was forces into sexual slavery. She was a slave of trader and later a Chinese saloonkeeper kept her as well in Gold Rush country. Lalu never lost her hope and even during extremely crucial and hard times was bravely protected her dignity and self respect which was important for her. She lived a life of a homesteader after she was won by a man in a poker game. Her spirits very always high and nothing in the world, no difficulty was able to affect her spirits. The importance of valuing ones self gives person courage to even cross hardships of the life with a smile on the face. In the novel when Lalu was sold, the scene depicts the story in a beautiful manner, "He reached out, hesitated, and then looked up at Lalu, his eyes pleading for understanding. She twisted her face away -- Behind her, she heard him snatch the bag and scoop up the spilled seed. 'Two bags,' her father begged. ' She's worth two bags of seed† (McCunn, 67). Novice to Master   is a story of Soko Morinaga who lived a life full of courage and self determination from 1925 till 1995. After completing his high school, he got into the practice of Zen. Zuigan Goto started training him to become a monk at monastery at Daitokuji from 1949 till 1963. Sesso Ota Roshi gave him the Dharma transmission seal. He also in the book says, â€Å"He led a very difficult life, Narrow experience of knowledge generated misconceptions for him however with a smile on his face, extremely high level of patience and spirit he led a life with sleep deprivation, without food, eating without any sound, strict behavior of his masters and a very difficult lifestyle. Morinaga says, "The purpose of practice is not to increase knowledge but to scrape the scales off the eyes, to pull the plugs out of the ears. Through practice one comes to see reality. And although it is said that 'no medicine can cure fully,' whatever pr ompts me to realize 'I was a fool' is, in fact, just such a medicine." In his sermons he talks about mental states, how no favorability and adversity is made and projected by the state of mind. He says, "In people or things, there is no such thing as trash" (Morinaga, 96). â€Å"Into the wild† is a story that reveals journey of a man who is from a well known family, Christopher Johnson Mc Candless. He decided to leave everything he had behind, from $25000 savings which he donated , his car which was very

Hate Violence Turn it off by Tim Goodman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hate Violence Turn it off by Tim Goodman - Essay Example Goodman reiterates his thesis statement throughout his essay to make sure that his argument is easy enough to understand and his reasoning simple enough to follow. The social context of this essay is applicable to almost anyone, from young children to concerned adults. While this essay seems to be meant for children, in actual fact Goodman is trying to get through to parents because he knows they are in a position to enforce change in the family home. Goodman used logical arguments that parents would understand, but even more important was the fact that he did not go overboard by criticizing parents too much. The author tried to steer parents away from complaining about violence on television to a local official and instead use the remote to take control back of the television. I feel that Goodman did make a good choice for the intended audience and purpose of this assignment because if he had missed the mark then he may have made people resent his argument. The writer used a clear structure to his essay with three distinct supporting arguments. More importantly, Goodman continually stressed the overall purpose of the essay after every couple of paragraphs so that the reader did not forget what the argument was. Goodman used to tone and language that was necessary for parents of young kids to hear. He tried to get on their side by pointing out that complaining about it won't actually do anything and they should be the ones to make a change rather than telling others to change. Goodman quite rightfully states that some people prefer to watch violence on television, and those people should not have their rights taken away just because someone else doesn't like it. Instead, we all have the choice to watch or not watch so it really comes back to us. Â  

Word Mouth in Advertising Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Word Mouth in Advertising - Dissertation Example From this discussion it is clear that positive word of mouth is perhaps what most companies like to hear because besides increasing the consumers' intensions to purchase innovative products; it helps company by creating a favorable brand image and that of the firm. This can subsequently lead to a reduction in the amount of expenditure by companied on promotions. Negative word of mouth on the other hand, dissuades potential buyers from a brand, product or a firm and consequently damages the firm’s financial position as well as and   more power than positive word of mouth communication.As the paper stresses while many authors have handled the impact of negative word of mouth communication in advertising, there is still a huge gap, especially when it comes to how this marketing tool can be used to influence campaigns that target social problems such as gender bias, smoking, poverty, respecting traffic signs, sexual harassments, and education. It is worth noting the fact that ne gative word of mouth communication, because of its influential power, can be used to achieve progress in a number of areas in the society. However, the previous researchers have only been delving on how word of mouth advertising has been influencing marketing and sales but failed to conduct a proper investigation on the impact it can have in solving social problems that the society faces today. There is no doubt that it would equally have a big influence in this area as well.

Importance Of Contextual Theology In And Of Africa

Importance Of Contextual Theology In And Of Africa The subject of contextual theology in Africa is of current interest as it flows into the contextual theology of Africa in the wider world through its links with, and affect on the growth of, Pentecostalism within and beyond its borders, due to globalisation. As both of these areas of contextual theology in Africa and of Africa have their positive and negative aspects, I wish to ask the question, What lessons can we learn from understanding the impact of setting and the history of contextual theology in and of Africa which can guide other establishing theological contexts, particularly of the Emergent Church and LGBTQI contexts, regardless of geographical location. The enormity of the subject requires that the scope of this essay be limited to consideration of Christology only, and in that I will particularly consider the work of Kwame Bediako (Bediako 2004), and compare other models of contextual theology (Bevans Schreiter 2002). The debates in Christology, its historical emergence in the early the church and in the African contexts, help us again recognise the implications for ministry to mind and body with fresh understanding of Christ as God and as Man, and how these various aspects relate to our praxis and theological method. This is no less important for understanding the dialogue with Islam as it is for understanding the impact on the historical divide between modern emerging contexts in Western and Non-Western cultures (other than Africa). I will also consider the positive benefits of globalisation and its positive effects on transmission of content and the sharing of method to the possible benefit of the whole church, made possible through dialogues with non-traditional settings and approaches that are emerging using the grass roots approach advocated in African contexts. In this I will consider some alternative modern Christologys from the LGBTQI context and draw some comparisons. I hope to suggest a n embryonic model for contextual theology which I shall call the Incarnational Model of Contextual Theology. African Christology on the cusp Globalisation Past and Present. Global impacts through empires whether they are Persian, Roman, or Colonial are outdone in speed and reach by the modern means of communications and travel, yet there remains many places that are still not enriched, and remain disconnected and controlled and limited by the theological context they have both inherited and developed. This is possibly because in poorer areas there are still the problems of translation and transmission, as well as exposure to other views, which are not facilitated or enabled by situational and resource poverty. In this, the grass roots are still dependant on a third party bringing them the corpus of knowledge; in that respect, they have in some ways simply exchanged their overlords without changing their situation. This means that they still lack independence. Thus, the positive benefits of globalisation remain to be fully exploited and could provide an appropriate vehicle for transmitting the lessons of contextual theology in and of Africa to other geog raphical regions and into non-academic grass-roots settings beyond its normal reaches, as well as allowing these areas to have free unhindered exchange with other groups. Without this, the theology in and of Africa will become in-bred and undeveloped. Comparison between Western and Southern Contexts of Christianity à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½Lothar Schreiner defines Contextual Theology as: Contextual theology is theology predicated with reference to its context. Contextuality, then, means relation to the substance and nature of the context, which goes beyond merely the literary setting to include geographic, linguistic, social, political, cultural, and ideological factors. Contextual theology is faith-knowledge on the basis of both the biblical revelation and the contemporary reference. (Schreiner, in (Fahlbusch et al. 1999) In considering Christology in the Western and Southern contexts, represented by Northern European and North American contexts on one hand, and the African contexts on the other, there is a distinction which Tennent refers to as Theology from Below in Africa which integrates the work and person of Christ with the human situation and experience, compared to the more philosophical upper-side theology of the early church which has continued in the Western tradition. (Tennent 2007) However, Tennent does not give consideration to the current evangelical modernist approach to theology it adopted in engaging with post-Enlightenment challenges, which has an effect on openness to considering alternative methods in the first instance, let alone the conclusions one can draw from these methods. This has an effect on dialogue within the African contexts, especially where there are still some remnants of colonial influence, but more so in transitioning to a contextual theology of Africa in the Afri can Diaspora, the uncritical adoption of modern evangelicalism would stifle dialogue and raise contention in both academic and grass-roots settings of Western Theology. This is as important for inter-faith dialogue as it is for inter-contextual dialogue. (Musk 2008) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½George Evers alludes to the recognition that African context exists in reality as a plurality of contexts, and notes that there is a desire for independent African theology, despite its theological roots in Christian History represented by the great North African theologians of antiquity, Tertullian, Cyrian and Augustine. (Evers in Fahlbusch et al. 1999) Bediako parallels the methods of early Hellenistic writers within the church, and how they approached the enculturation of the gospel within a peri-Christian Graeco-Roman context, with that of the modern approaches of African Christologys dealing with both their own pre-Christian past, as well as their adoptive history imported by colonial missionaries. In this he illustrates for example the use of Hellenistic terms such as logos and the transition to the use of kyrios in the early church and compares this to grass roots references to Christ as Ancestor (among others) anticipating a transition in time to other terminologies. (Bediako 2004, p.63) Tennent points to the work of Jaroslav Pelikan who shows that each epoch of the church has had a prominent image of Christ, which collectively builds our modern day Christology. Thus, he lists a Jewish Messiah, a Gentile Lord Jesus, a post-Constantinian King of Kings, the Universal Man of the renaissance, a war-time Prince of Peace, and moder n day liberator. Tennent rightly points out that these historical reflections can not dictate a moratorium on future Christologys (Tennent 2007, p.110). It is vital that we recognise that every context has the right to not just write in the margins of the depositum fidei, but must write in the corpus, adding their parts of the Christological puzzle. This is true for African contexts, as it is for any other, including the emerging and LGBTQI contexts. Therefore, the task of integrating Christian faith with authentic African identity becomes a central theme in the emergence of African Christology. (Tennent 2007, p.115) In throwing off the Great Chain of Being (Lovejoy 1990, p.59) African contexts offer an authentic and hopefully empathetic voice to emerging and alternative contexts held captive by the chains of others. But the message and methods need to spread beyond its borders, and out of its centres of academia to be of immediate benefit both locally and globally. Who do People say I am? Various pre-Christian references to Christ that have arisen from African Traditional Religions are explored by Bediako, as well as by Stinton, who also provides useful survey data for her conclusions (Stinton 2004, p.47) and by Tennent (Tennent 2007, p.105). Between them, they highlight several images of Christ that arise from the grassroots African Christologys listed below: Table 1: Images of Christ in African Christology Master of Initiation Healer Ancestor Loved one Chief Liberator Lord of the Spirits Host and Giver of Hospitality Christ as Ancestor is particularly well expounded by Bediako (Bediako 2004, p.25) and Tennent (Tennent 2007, p.122) and provides an interesting point of contention which ultimately demonstrates the pan-cultural relevance of Christ, as well as the immutability of His work, playing to the holistic approach of African Christology which integrates the person and work of Christ. Bediako struggles to link this to Western/Hellenistic parallel, and overlooks the concept of elder brother [a parallel concept within Ancestor] which can be found in the titles of Christ in Greek/Hellenistic thought, such as firstborn (Gk. Prototokos  [1]  ) which does not refer to first-to-be-born but rather the pre-eminent heir, or else only-begotten (Gk. Monogenes  [2]  ) that is the unique-one, especially when prefigured as Wisdom. Both these Western/Hellenistic images of Christ provide parallels of unique source, and therefore ultimate ancestor. There is also a clear parallel to ancestor as mediator a nd Christ as mediator par excellence. Similarly, in Christ as Healer, there is a potential over-lap of experience between African and LGBTQI contexts in their shared experience of HIV/AIDS. In my own experience, working as a trainer in healthcare in Transkei, East Cape, RSA among the Xhosa people of Masameni, we worked with Church leaders, tribal leaders, and local practitioners of African Traditional Religions (ATR) who carried out ritual-circumcision, and local healthcare volunteers. We were able to get them to adopt the use of a disposable scalpel and suggested this was a commemorative gift to the individual to mark their rite of passage. These scalpels were made available via local health partners free of charge. In this approach we were able to guard against transmission of infection while honouring their traditional religion. Alas, this message has not penetrated the wider community. (Meel 2005) Nonetheless, in the group we worked with, the notion of Christ the healer working through the body of Christ, his people, was embraced as a wonderful image and inspiration, which even the practitioners of ATR were able to support. In his essay, Ezekiel understands AIDS; AIDS understands Ezekiel LGBTQI writer Jim Mitulski speaks of his own journey with HIV/AIDS and parallels Ezekiel vision of the valley of dry bones with Christs unifying role in creation. (Mitulski in Goss M. West 2000a, p.155) For him, and for the people in the African continent living with HIV/AIDS, understanding Christ as healer and consummator unifier of faith enables difficult journeys through sickness, and perhaps towards death, to be based on a solid foundation of faith in Christ. There is no sophistry in this journey. There is no sugar coating. Nonetheless, Christ is central to the journey both as a fellow pilgrim and also as the object of pilgrimage. But, even when the bodies are dead and buried, there is a role for Christ unifying the body again from dry bones. This parallels Christologys of Christ in African where Christ i s Lord of the Spirits and/or Christ as Chief. Applied Contextualisation Relocating Christological themes again in and from the African context relies on careful contextualisation. Various theologians have used disparate methods and approaches. Both Sanneh Bediako place heavy emphasis on the use of African languages; this places them at one extreme of those who support the translational model of contextual theology. If humanity is the receptor of language as they contend, then culture should be both dictionary and thesaurus. Thus, to extend that metaphor, the Christological puzzle must be a polyglottal interlinear. What both writers go on to show is that the importance lies not just in linguistic equivalence, but in a cross-mapping of cultural domains of thought. Sannehs vernacular is balanced by Bediakos use of grassroots images such as Christ as Ancestor and Christ as Healer, with the latter author drawing close to an anthropological method. While Bediako insists that we ought to speak positively of oral, spontaneous, implicit or grass roots theology, as theology which comes from where the faith lives, in life-situation of the community of faith, he stops short of an anthropological model by stressing that alternative religions are not the source and do not shape Christian affirmations. (Bediako 2004, p.17) Yet, in this quotation I see great resonance with the approaches with LQBTQI communities to do likewise and allow the theology and Christology to come from where faith lives. The translational model presupposes a supra-contextual unchanging message, while a purely anthropological model uses the personal and communal encounter as its starting point, and in method, allows the grass-roots to self define. On this matter, Donovan here makes a clear distinction between the gospel as revelation and the communal response to this revelation as religion, and thus recognises the immutability of the gospel as well as stressing the importance of seeking the authentic commonality from within the context in all its richness. This parallels the who do you say I am approach from within LGBTQI contexts. (Bohache 2008) and would not differ much from other approaches employing reading against the scriptures as a hermeneutical tool. (G. O. West Shomanah 2000, p.250; G. West 1996) I have not found any Christological examples of this within Queer Christologys, but in essence, the reading-against approach is employed by Koch in employing a non-typical approach to hermeneutics, though it is not applied to Christology. (Stone 2001, p.169) We should note here that within African contexts there is a potential dichotomy between what is demanded for a context in and of Africa, and that which is granted or permitted by that context to other external contexts. Thus, it is sad to see the African church being so vociferous in the debate about homosexuality; a simple methodological analysis should surely grant other contexts the same privilege as was claimed and rightly demanded by African theologians in their quest for liberation. That is, for the gospel to be authentic, the gospel must operate from within the context. This is a major tenet on which I propose an Incarnational model of contextual theology; that is, Christs incarnation was the ultimate step of identification and required a transition into the human context but went beyond that in fully identifying with the marginalised of society in the face of religious opposition. The model therefore, in this respect, imitates that objective. In principle what I propose is a modified synthetic model, in as far as I recognise the importance of several models; Bediakos translational approach enables sympathy with Donovans anthropological approach. A liberationist approach would possibly go further in allowing the praxis within community to inform our Christology, but I am not aware of any such models emanating from the African context. Nonetheless, I disagree with Newbiggins Counter-Cultural model in as far as I disagree with the assumptions behind the use of the gospel. Like Donovan, I see it as immutable, and therefore while I agree with Newbiggins analysis that everything should be subject to the gospel, I disagree that the gospel should be seen as a tool for refutation and rejection of local context. There is no threat from syncretism when you view God and the Gospel as immutable, and when you merely use the notions within other contexts to continue to resolve the Christological puzzle. Bediako, in drawing short of a fu ll anthropological model, sides with Newbiggin in seeing the gospel as a refutation and rejecting tool. However, emerging from modern western contexts are post-evangelicals who are rejecting the modernist method adopted by post-enlightenment Christians as they engaged with opponents of their time. This approach was embedded into the western theology imported into the African context. This modernist approach is still evident in the post-colonial echoes as the remnant of adoptive history present in various contexts in Africa, and as it has survived in Western contexts also, it parallels with the contexts of Africa found in Pentecostalism in the west. Relationship, Re-appropriation and Redemption The Jewish atheist Buber has contributed to philosophy with his understanding the I-thou versus I-thee framework. Part of this work expounds the notion of deepening understanding of I-thee relationships (interpersonal, interfaith, inter-group) which comes from a deeper understanding of the I-thou relations (cosmic.) and vice versa (Buber 2004) One of the global problems the church faces in all contexts is the gap between academic theology and grass roots theology, and a lack of exchange between the two. Not only do different groups exist in silos, but there is a gap between academic and grass roots within silos. Thus, when cross-talk between the silos takes places, it is usually only at the academic level, and does not penetrate to the grass-roots. The Christological puzzle demands that the gospel be found within all contexts and that each contributes their own piece to the puzzle. However, each silo considers its own received knowledge as universal and normative. Thus we need to learn several lessons in considering Christologys in and of Africa. First that the gospel has nothing to fear from experimentation intended to unearth Christ from within the context. All the various models of contextual theology should be permitted. Secondly, we should allow each context to self-define in order to obtain both an authentic and relevant message which also has current rather than historical application. Thirdly, language and poverty are real obstacles to dissembling walls between academic and grass roots theology and are a major contributing factor to the failure in positive effects of globalisation. Despite non-textual approaches in some contexts, there needs to be greater dialogue between the silos including non-traditional groups from outside the normal scope of research, and also greater exchanges within silos between academic and grass-roots. I would include here post-modern and non-traditional groups such as the LGBTQIA groups. The Incarnational model therefore suggests that there should be not only a top-down and bottom up commun ication within silos, but there has to be communication between silos at all levels that is both practical and pragmatic, but also respectful. Conclusion The methods and models employed in various contexts in and of Africa provide a strong methodological foundation for other contexts seeking to discover Christ in their contexts and thus incarnate their spirituality in their setting. There is a lack of intra-contextual and inter-contextual dialogue connecting academia and grass-root settings both in Africa and in Western theologies. I propose that by adopting a post-evangelical approach, which engages with postmodernism, a foundation of empathy with alternative groups and settings would be facilitated. This avoids the certainty trap which inevitably locks groups in a head-to-head confrontational stance as they seek to defend their position rather than discover the truth. Instead, it is possible that the groups align side-by-side on the journey. In this, the Incarnational Model of Contextual Theology post-modernises the Synthetic model with a refining-redeeming gospel to mirror culture rather than refute and reject it. But it finds its deepest meaning in the lives of the groups discovering its depth, and therefore incorporates a deeply spiritual and deeply practical element of praxis. The final aspect of this incarnational model alludes to the need for publishing the outcomes and rooting them in not just the religious practices of various groups, but in their secular lives too. Most importantly is facilitating access to the materials and resources outside of academic circles. Poverty and language will continue to be obstacles to be overcome. While certain contexts are disbarred because the materials are not in an accessible language and while the positive effects of global spread of the message through the internet requires access to that medium, then there will continue to be substantial pockets of every context existing in effective isolation from their academic partners and isolation from other enrichment from other contexts. (Adeyemo 2006) (Akper 2007)(Ballard Pritchard 2006) (Bediako 2004)(Bevans Schreiter 2002)(Chike 2008)(Clarke 2005)(Countryman/Ritley 2001) (Dada 2010)(Donaldson 1996)(Goldingay 1996)(Goss M. West 2000b)(Jenkins 2009)(Mashau Frederiks 2008)(Moloney 1987)(Nadar 2007)(Sankey 1994)(Stuart 2003)(Tennent 2007)(Thomson 2006)(Wilson 1995) (Jenkins 2006)(Jenkins 2007)(Stinton 2004)(G. West 1996) (Culley 1976)(Elliott 1986)(Fahlbusch et al. 1999)(Jewett, 1985)(WILLIAM 2004)(Winquist 1987) Bibliography Background reading Adeyemo, T., 2006. Africa Bible Commentary: A One-volume Commentary Written by 70 African Scholars, Zondervan. Akper, G., 2007. The Person of Jesus Christ in Contemporary African Christological Discourse. Religion Theology, 14(3/4), pp.224-243. Ballard, P.H. Pritchard, J., 2006. Practical Theology in Action, SPCK Publishing. Bediako, K., 2004. Jesus and the Gospel in Africa: History and Experience, Orbis Books. Bevans, S. Schreiter, R.J., 2002. Models of Contextual Theology Revised edition., Orbis Books (USA). Bohache, T., 2008. Christology from the Margins, SCM Press. Brown, C., 1986. New international dictionary of New Testament theology, Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House. Buber, M., 2004. I and Thou (Continuum Impacts) New Ed., Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd. Chike, C., 2008. PROUDLY AFRICAN, PROUDLY CHRISTIAN: THE ROOTS OF CHRISTOLOGIES IN THE AFRICAN WORLDVIEW. Black Theology: An International Journal, 6(2), pp.221-240. Clarke, C.R., 2005. Towards a Functional Christology Among AICs in Ghana. Mission Studies: Journal of the International Association for Mission Studies, 22(2), pp.287-318. Countryman/Ritley, 2001. Gifted by Otherness, Thomas More Press. Culley, R.C., 1976. Semeia 5, Oral Tradition and Old Testament Studies, Society of Biblical Literature. Dada, A.O., 2010. REPOSITIONING CONTEXTUAL BIBLICAL HERMENEUTICS IN AFRICA TOWARDS HOLISTIC EMPOWERMENT. Black Theology: An International Journal, 8(2), pp.160-174. Donaldson, L.E., 1996. Semeia 75: Postcolonialism and Scriptural Reading, Society of Biblical Literature. Elliott, J.H., 1986. Semeia 35: Social-Scientific Criticism of the New Testament and Its Social World, Society of Biblical Literature, Scholars Pr. Fahlbusch, E. et al., 1999. The Encyclopedia of Christianity: (A-D) v. 1 (Encyclopedia of Christianity, Brill. Goldingay, J., 1996. Models for Interpretation of Scripture, William B Eerdmans Publishing Co. Goss, R.E. West, M., 2000a. Take Back the Word A Queer Reading of the Bible, Pilgrim Press. Jenkins, P., 2006. The New Faces of Christianity: Believing the Bible in the Global South, OUP USA. Jenkins, P., 2007. The Next Christendom: The Coming of Global Christianity Revised edition., OUP USA. Jenkins, P., 2009. The Lost History of Christianity: The Thousand-year Golden Age of the Church in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia, Lion Publishing plc. Jewett,, R., 1985. Semeia 30: Christology and Exegesis: New Approaches, Society of Biblical Literature. Lovejoy, A., 1990. The Great Chain of Being New edition., Harvard University Press. Mashau, T.D. Frederiks, M.T., 2008. Coming of Age in African Theology: The Quest for Authentic Theology in African Soil. Exchange, 37(2), pp.109-123. Meel, B., 2005. Community perception of traditional circumcision in a sub-region of the Transkei, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Available at: http://www.safpj.co.za/index.php/safpj/article/viewArticle/256 [Accessed December 7, 2010]. Moloney, R., 1987. AFRICAN CHRISTOLOGY. Theological Studies, 48(3), pp.505-515. Musk, B., 2008. The Certainty Trap: Can Christians and Muslims Afford the Luxury of Fundamentalism, Nadar, S., 2007. CONTEXTUAL THEOLOGICAL EDUCATION IN AFRICA AND THE CHALLENGE OF GLOBALIZATION. Ecumenical Review, 59(2/3), pp.235-241. Sankey, P.J., 1994. The church as clan: Critical reflections on African ecclesiology. International Review of Mission, 83(330), p.437. Spicq, C.E., 1994. Theological lexicon of the New Testament, Peabody, MA.: Hendrickson. Stinton, D.B., 2004. Jesus of Africa: Voices of Contemporary African Christology, Orbis Books. Stone, K., 2001. Queer Commentary and the Hebrew Bible, Pilgrim Press. Stuart, E., 2003. Gay and Lesbian Theologies: Repetitions and Critical Difference, Ashgate Publishing Limited. Tennent, T.C., 2007. Theology in the Context of World Christianity: How the Global Church Is Influencing the Way We Think about and Discuss Theology, Zondervan. Thomson, A., 2006. Learning from the African Experience: Bediako and Critical Contextualisation. Evangelical Review of Theology, 30(1), pp.31-48. West, G., 1996. Semeia 73: READING WITH: EXPLORATION OF INTERFACE BETWEEN CRITICAL AND ORDINARY READINGS OF THE BIBLE, Society of Biblical Literature. West, G.O. Shomanah, M.W.D., 2000. The Bible in Africa: transactions, trajectories, and trends, BRILL. WILLIAM, S., 2004. DOGMATIC THEOLOGY 3RD ED HB 3rd ed., EVANGELICAL PRESS. Wilson, N., 1995. Our Tribe: Queer Folks, God, Jesus, and the Bible, Harpercollins. Winquist, C.E., 1987. Semeia 40: Text and Textuality, Scholars Press.

extinction of great apes :: essays research papers

The great apes are humankind’s closest relatives. Great apes include gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans, and bonobos, which are also known as pygmy chimps. At the turn of the century, there were approximately one million chimpanzees in Africa. This number has declined down to 150,000. Mountain gorillas have halved in size over the last ten years, leaving only 320 to roam the trees of their homeland. Some say these great apes will face extinction within a decade. Why is this the case and should we let this happen? These apes lose areas of habitat on a daily basis. They are also constantly slaughtered for meat and body parts. These two enormous contributors of great ape depletion are just unnecessary additional threats to the existence of our relatives. We must not forget that there is also disease and environmental catastrophes that kill off these intelligent human-like primates. Humans share up to 98% of their DNA. This makes the great apes a very valuable and important subject for study. There is a lot we can learn from them. Because we are so closely related, this may also be a link to global extinction. Perhaps a more thorough evaluation of each of the factors which contribute to the depletion of the four great apes may help to understand how damaging and unnecessary this depletion has become for them, as well as for us. Loss of Habitat   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the most influential causes for the mass decline in great apes is due to habitat loss. Habitat loss includes the clearing out of forests for agriculture, timber extraction, and fuel wood. The orangutan may be in the most trouble because of this. The last large groups of these primates are located in the large rainforests of Indonesia and Malaysia. These forests are currently being destroyed by illegal loggers, planters, and also by forest fires. Many of these fires seem to be started by plantation owners. The act of logging is not just about taking down a few large trees. It is about stealing all of their resources. Great apes use their environment to build tools and to eat. If we continue to take away their primary food source, they are sure to die off. In addition to destroying their food resources, logging creates islands of rainforest. Cutting down trees, leaves gaps of open area. This causes an isolation of the great ape population.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The gap caused by logging also is a common cause of these rainforest fires.